Virología molecular de la rabia: un enfoque clínico / Rabies molecular virology: a clinical approach

Introducción: La rabia es una enfermedad zoonótica asociada al virus RABV, el cual tiene características neurotrópicas. El virus se transmite por el contacto con saliva de animales infectados; la mordedura de un perro es la causa más común. Es un virus que causa la muerte de miles de personas cada año. Objetivo: Describir a profundidad los principios moleculares de la infección por rabia, así como su patogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de bibliografía en PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Researchgate; se consultaron 163 referencias y se seleccionaron 51 fuentes que contenían la información más relevante para cumplir con el objetivo del trabajo. Conclusión: Actualmente es posible entender de mejor manera los mecanismos de transmisión y propagación del virus en el organismo; existe nuevo conocimiento sobre los receptores involucrados, así como la función de estos en la replicación viral. Sin embargo, el objetivo de la erradicación de la rabia a corto plazo es complejo. La invasión de territorios selváticos vuelve a la rabia un posible patógeno reemergente; la vacunación de especies transmisoras es el medio ideal para conseguir el control de la enfermedad.

Introduction: Rabies is a zoonotic disease associated with the RABV virus, which has neurotropic characteristics. The virus is transmitted by contact with saliva from infected animals; a dog's bite is the most common cause. This virus causes the death of thousands of people every year. Objective: To describe in depth the molecular principles of rabies infection, as well as its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Researchgate. A total of 163 references were consulted, and 51 sources containing the most relevant information were selected to fulfill the objective of the work. Conclusions: It is currently possible to better understand the mechanisms of transmission and spread of the virus in the organism; there is new knowledge about the receptors involved, as well as their function in viral replication. However, the goal of eradicating rabies in the short term is complex. The invasion of wild territories makes rabies a possible re-emerging pathogen; vaccination of transmitting species is the ideal means to achieve disease control.

Associação entre fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos e vacinação antirrábica de cães e gatos domésticos / Association between socioeconomic and demographic factors and rabies vaccination of dogs and cats

Resumo Introdução A raiva é uma doença endêmica no Brasil, cuja forma de combate em humanos é a vacinação de animais. Objetivo Buscou-se analisar associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e econômicos de adultos com vacinação antirrábica de animais domésticos com amostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013. Método Estudo transversal tendo como desfecho vacinação antirrábica de cães e gatos e exposições: sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda per capita e cor da pele autodeclarada do chefe de domicílio. Foram realizadas análises bi e multivariadas por meio de regressão logística. Resultados No Brasil, 59,3% (IC95%59,1-59,5) dos domicílios tinham animal de estimação. Em relação à vacinação antirrábica, a região Sudeste possui a maior prevalência, em que 84,8% (IC95%83,3-86,2) dos domicílios vacinaram todos os cães e gatos, contra 63,7% (IC95%60,9-66,3) na região Sul. Indivíduos com ≥50 anos têm 64% mais chances de vacinar cães e gatos, comparados àqueles na faixa etária mais jovem (18-29 anos). Quanto à escolaridade, indivíduos com ≥12 anos de estudo têm 2,4 vezes mais chances de vacinar todos os animais do domicílio, em relação àqueles com 0-8 anos de estudo. Conclusão Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a necessidade de políticas públicas que orientem a população sobre guarda responsável e que ofertem serviços de imunização.

Abstract Background In Brazil, rabies is an endemic disease and the vaccination of animals is a form of combat for humans. Objective The study aimed to analyze the association between sociodemographic and economic factors of adults and rabies vaccination of domestic animals, using samples from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. Method This is a cross-sectional study with the outcome of rabies vaccination of dogs and cats and exposures: sex, age, education, per capita income, and skin color of the head of household. Bi and multivariate analyses were performed by logistic regression. Results In Brazil, 59.3% (95% CI 59.1-59.5) of households have pets. Regarding rabies vaccination, the southeast region has the highest prevalence, with 84.8% (95% CI 83.3-86.2) of households vaccinating all dogs and cats against 63.7% (95% CI 60.9-66.3) in the south region. Individuals in the age group ≥50 years are 64% more likely to vaccinate dogs and cats compared to those in the younger age group (18-29 years old). Regarding education, individuals with ≥12 school years are 2.4 times more likely to vaccinate all animals in the household compared to those with 0-8 school years. Conclusion The results of this study point to the fact that there's a demand for public policies to guide the population on responsible custody and to provide immunization services.

Factors related to vaccines for both patients exposed with rabies and dogs

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rabies is a viral disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. All warm-blooded animals, including humans, can host rabies's virus. Vaccination of dogs is an effective method of preventing rabies in humans. Objectives: To evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices towards rabies prevention and factors related to vaccines for both patients exposed with rabies and dogs. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study, using the questionnaire on rabies prevention by interviewing 1 484 households. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to vaccines for both patients exposed to rabies and dogs. Results: Of all 67.32 % of the people surveyed with high knowledge, only 43.8 % and 31.47 % were assessed as having a good attitude and practice. Interviewees with poor knowledge and practice are independently related to low-rate vaccines provision for pets. Factors associated with low vaccination rates after pet bites were poor attitudes and practices. Conclusion: People with a high level of education, knowledge and practice, the rabies vaccination rate on pets is high. People with good attitudes and practices had a high rate of rabies vaccination after being bitten by an animal.

RESUMEN Introducción: La rabia es una enfermedad viral que puede transmitirse de animales a humanos. Todos los animales de sangre caliente, incluidos los humanos, pueden albergar el virus de la rabia. La vacunación de perros es un método eficaz para prevenir la rabia en humanos. Objetivos: Evaluar conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la comunidad hacia la prevención de la rabia y los factores relacionados con las vacunas, tanto para pacientes expuestos como para perros. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, se utilizó un cuestionario sobre prevención de la rabia, mediante entrevistas en 1 484 hogares. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariable para identificar los factores relacionados con las vacunas, tanto para pacientes expuestos como para los perros. Resultados: Del 67,32 % de encuestados, con alto conocimiento, solo el 43,8 % y el 31,47 % fueron evaluados como de buena actitud y práctica. Los entrevistados con insuficiente conocimiento y prácticas se relacionan de forma independiente con la baja provisión de vacunas para las mascotas. Las razones de bajas tasas de vacunación después de las mordeduras causadas por mascotas fueron las malas actitudes y prácticas. Conclusión: Las personas con nivel alto de práctica, educación y conocimientos, tienen elevados niveles de vacunación antirrábica de sus mascotas. Después de la mordedura de un animal, las personas con buenas prácticas y actitudes, tienen más altos niveles de vacunación antirrábica.

Descrição das notificações de atendimento antirrábico humano para profilaxia pós-exposição no Brasil, 2014-2019 / Descripción de notificaciones de atención antirrábica humana para la profilaxis post-exposición en Brasil, 2014-2019 / Description of human anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis care notifications in Brazil, 2014-2019

Objetivo: Analisar os atendimentos antirrábicos humanos de profilaxia pós-exposição no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo utilizando dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no Brasil, de 2014 a 2019. Resultados: Foram notificados 4.033.098 atendimentos antirrábicos, com média de 672.183 ao ano. Houve maior percentual de atendimentos em pessoas do sexo masculino (n = 2.111.369; 52,4%), menores de 19 anos de idade (n = 1.423.433; 35,3%), residentes em área urbana (n = 3.386.589; 88,1%), agredidas por cães (n = 3.281.190; 81,5%) e com mordeduras (n = 3.575.717; 81,9%), principalmente em mãos e pés (n = 1.541.201; 35,3%). A conduta profilática mais frequente foi observação e vacina (n = 1.736.036; 44,2%). A conduta profilática foi adequada em 57,8% (n = 2.169.689) e inadequada em 42,2% (n = 1.582.411) dos casos. Conclusão: Apesar das condutas profiláticas adequadas, foram observadas indicações inadequadas que, quando insuficientes, podem acarretar casos de raiva humana e, quando desnecessárias, desperdícios, inclusive desabastecimento de imunobiológicos.

Objetivo: Analizar la atención antirrábica humana de profilaxis post exposición en Brasil, de 2014 a 2019. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación en Brasil, de 2014 a 2019. Resultados: Se notificaron 4.033.098 atendimientos antirrábicos, con un promedio de 672.183 al año. Hubo mayor porcentual de atención a personas del sexo masculino (n = 2.111.369; 52,4%), menores de 19 años (n = 1.423.433; 35,3%), residentes en área urbana (n = 3.386.589; 88,1%), agredidas por perros (n = 3.281.190; 81,5%) y con mordidas (n = 3.575.717; 81,9%), principalmente en las manos y pies (n = 1.541.201; 35,3%). La conducta profiláctica más frecuente fue la observación y vacuna (n = 1.736.036; 44,2%). La conducta profiláctica fue adecuada en 57,8% (n = 2.169.689) e inadecuada en 42,2% (n = 1.582.411) de los casos. Conclusión: A pesar de las conductas profilácticas adecuadas, se observaron indicaciones inadecuadas que, cuando insuficientes, pueden resultar en casos de rabia humana y, cuando desnecesarias, desperdicios, incluso desabastecimiento de inmunobiológicos.

Objective: To analyze human anti-rabies post-exposure prophylaxis notifications in Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System in Brazil, from 2014 to 2019. Results: A total of 4,033,098 anti-rabies medical consultations were notified, averaging 672,183 a year. Percentage care was higher among males (n = 2,111,369; 52.4%), those under 19 years old (n = 1,423,433; 35.3%), living in urban areas (n = 3,386,589; 88.1%), attacked by dogs (n = 3,281,190; 81.5%) and bitten (n = 3,575,717; 81.9%), mainly on the hands and feet (n = 1,541,201; 35.3%). The most frequent prophylactic procedure was observation plus vaccination (n = 1,736,036; 44.2%). Prophylactic procedure was appropriate in 57.8% (n = 2,169,689) of cases and inappropriate in 42.2% (n = 1,582,411) of cases. Conclusion: Although there were appropriate prophylactic procedures, we also found procedures that were inappropriate and which, when insufficient, can result in cases of human rabies and, when unnecessary, can result in waste, including shortage of immunobiological products.

Encefalitis por rabia o encefalitis post-vacunal en mujer gestante con neonato prematuro sobreviviente

La rabia humana es una infección grave que requiere aplicación de suero antirrábico y vacuna, la cual puede producir encefalomielitis desmielinizante aguda (EDMA) post-vacunal. Se reporta una gestante de 27 años mordida por un perro en mano derecha. No recibió suero antirrábico pero sí 5 vacunas. Con última vacuna presentó adormecimiento de mano, malestar, fiebre, hidrofobia, alteración de conciencia. Se realizó cesárea e indujo al coma terapéutico. La biopsia de piel de nuca e inoculación en ratón fueron negativos mientras que la seroneutralización en ratón y detección de anticuerpos antirrábicos fueron positivos. En cordón umbilical, la seroneutralización en ratón fue positiva. La resonancia magnética evidenció lesiones compatibles con EDMA. Según algunos criterios, podría tratarse de rabia; sin embargo, el cuadro sería más compatible con EDMA.

Human rabies is a serious infection that requires application of rabies serum and vaccine, which can cause post-vaccination acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM). We report a 27-year-old pregnant woman who has been bitten by a dog on her right hand. She didn't receive rabies serum but she received 5 vaccinations. With last vaccination she presents hand numbness, malaise, fever, hydrophobia, altered consciousness. A cesarean section was performed and the patient was induced a therapeutic coma. Nape skin biopsy and inoculation in mice were negative, while seroneutralization in mice and detection of anti-rabies antibodies were positive. In umbilical cord, mouse seroneutralization was positive. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed lesions compatible with ADEM. By some criteria, it could be rabies; however, the chart would be more compatible with ADEM.

Cost–benefit analysis of controlling rabies: prioritizing areas in rural setting of Maner: a cross sectional study

Background: Rabies being a preventable disease with no treatment available once onset starts but can be easily prevented by post-exposure among all animal bite victims. So it is essential to take the full course of vaccination for complete protection.Methods: The present study was a hospital based cross sectional study and was carried out in rural health training centre in Maner, Patna.Results: Our study included 340 patients who attended anti rabies clinic for post exposure prophylaxis. Among them 65% were children (<15 years) comprising mostly males (69%) and mostly of category III exposure. Direct cost of post exposure vaccination when compared with the cost of pre exposure prophylaxis is one-third (approx).Conclusions: Compliance to anti-rabies vaccination for post-exposure prophylaxis is still low and they are still at risk of developing rabies. Reasons being irregular supply of vaccine and immunoglobulin in government hospitals, loss of wages, forgotten dates, cost incurred to buy from outside and distance from the hospital if referred to other centre. Seeing the current scenario, planning and prioritizing areas to achieve our goal and lessen economic burden is need of the hour. We infer that pre exposure prophylaxis may be a cost effective strategy which can aid in the control and elimination of rabies in endemic settings.

Market mapping and landscape analysis of human rabies biologicals in India

Background: Rabies vaccines and immunoglobulins are lifesaving in humans following animal exposures. These biologicals should continuously be available throughout the year to prevent and eliminate human rabies by 2030. Objectives: The present study aimed at assessing availability of different kinds of human rabies biologicals in the country and undertaking market mapping and landscape analysis of human rabies biologicals in India. Methods: The study comprising both quantitative and qualitative approach was conducted from May to November 2017 as a part of the Indian multicentric rabies survey by Association for Prevention and Control of Rabies in India. All stakeholders (agencies/personnel) associated with rabies biologicals were the study units/participants. Required data were generated through brainstorming sessions with key stakeholders; reviewing of databases/existing literature; conducting in-depth surveys; interviewing; focused group discussions, etc. Results: Two types of cell culture rabies vaccines are available in the country manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies; most of the vaccines are indigenously produced and the market size of the rabies vaccines is about INR 125 crores with highest sales in the northern region followed by South. Likewise, there are 2 types of immunoglobulin available, i.e., equine rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs), which are indigenously produced and human RIGs, which are imported. The market value of RIGs is about INR 83 crores. A novel rabies monoclonal antibody is also been marketed in the country from November 2017. Conclusions: There are many lacunas in the market availability of rabies biologicals in different parts of the country; therefore, a significant expansion/shift in focus must be considered, through rigorous strategic planning process.

Perfil epidemiológico do atendimento antirrábico humano em uma área de planejamento do município do Rio de Janeiro / Epidemiological profile of human antirabic care in a planning area of the city of Rio de Janeiro / Perfil epidemiológico de la atención antirrábica humana en un área de planificación del municipio de Río de Janeiro

A raiva é considerada um problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. O atendimento antirrábico está entre os três agravos de maior notificação no país. OBJETIVOS: descrever e caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico do atendimento antirrábico no município do Rio de Janeiro, na área programática 2.1, no período de 2010 a 2015. METODOLOGIA: estudo descritivo retrospectivo dos registros referentes aos atendimentos antirrábicos humanos inseridos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do município do Rio de Janeiro. Para a seleção dos dados utilizou-se o programa TabWin 32; a organização e análise foram desenvolvidas no Excel©. RESULTADOS: foram encontrados 8.681 registros. Destes, 8.235 (94,9%) foram atendimentos por provável pós-exposição ao vírus rábico. Das 8.235 notificações, 70% eram brancas, 56% do sexo feminino, com destaque para a faixa etária de 20 a 59 anos (54,7%). A principal forma de agressão foi a mordedura (83,1%) em mãos/ pés (41%), e o principal agressor os cães (74,4%), sendo indicadas em 72,3% dos casos observação e vacina. CONCLUSÃO: constatou-se que o perfil epidemiológico do atendimento antirrábico na área programática 2.1 ocorreu em pessoas brancas do sexo feminino com o tipo de exposição mordedura em mãos e pés, tendo como animal agressor o cão. Esses dados ajudam a pensar estratégias de prevenção. Torna-se importante a ampliação dos serviços que realizam o atendimento antirrábico, sobretudo vinculado à Estratégia de Saúde da Família. A capilarização desse atendimento é, no mínimo, um redutor de risco para a ocorrência da doença, por permitir os cuidados básicos imediatos.(AU)

Rabies is considered a public health problem in Brazil and worldwide. Anti-rabies care is among the three most reported health problems in the country. Objectives: to describe and characterize the epidemiological profile of anti-rabies care in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the program area 2.1, from 2010 to 2015. Methodology: a retrospective descriptive study of the records of human anti-rabies care inserted in the Notification Disease Information System of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. For data selection, we used the TabWin 32 program. The organization and analysis were developed in Excel©. Results: 8,681 records were found, and 8,235 of them (94.9%) were seen for probable post-exposure to the rabies virus. In these 8,235 notifications, 70% were white, 56% female, with emphasis on the age group from 20 to 59 years old (54.7%). The main aggression was the bite (83.1%) in the hands/feet (41%), and the main aggressor was the dog (74.4%), and 72.3% of the cases indicated observation and vaccine. Conclusion: the epidemiological profile of anti-rabies care in program area 2.1 occurred in female white people with exposure type of the bite on hands and feet, with the dog as an aggressor. These data help to think about...(AU) prevention strategies. The expansion of the services that perform anti-rabies care is important, especially linked to the Family Health Strategy. Broaden this service is

La rabia se considera un problema de salud pública en Brasil y en todo el mundo. La atención antirrábica se encuentra entre los tres problemas de salud más notificados en el país. Objetivos: describir y caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico de la atención antirrábica en el municipio de Río de Janeiro, en el área del programa 2.1, de 2010 a 2015. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los registros relacionados con la atención antirrábica humana insertados en el Sistema de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria del municipio de Río de Janeiro. Para la selección de datos utilizamos el programa TabWin 32; La organización y el análisis se desarrollaron en Excel©. Resultados: se encontraron 8.681 registros. De éstos, 8.235 (94,9%) fueron casos de probable exposición posterior al virus de la rabia. De las 8.235 notificaciones, el 70% eran de personas blancas, el 56% mujeres, con énfasis en el grupo de edad de 20 a 59 años (54,7%). La principal forma de agresión fue la mordedura (83,1%) en las manos / pies (41%), y el agresor principal fue el perro (74,4%), en el 72,3% de los casos se indicaron observación y vacunación. Conclusión: se encontró que el perfil epidemiológico de la atención antirrábica en el área del programa 2.1 se produjo en mujeres blancas con el tipo de exposición mordedura en manos y pies, provocadas por perros. Estos datos ayudan a pensar en estrategias de prevención. Es importante ampliar los servicios que brindan atención antirrábica, especialmente vinculados a la Estrategia de salud familiar. La capilarización de este servicio es al menos un reductor de riesgo de la enfermedad, ya que permite la atención básica inmediata.(AU)

Reflexão sobre a profilaxia antirrábica: contribuição da enfermagem para assistência em uma regional de saúde do Paraná / Reflection on anti-rabies prophylaxis: nursing contribution for assistance in a regional health center in Paraná

A raiva é uma doença infecciosa altamente letal, causada por vírus, inoculado por meio da saliva e/ou secreções de animais infectados. Um grande desafio para a saúde pública, pois é invariavelmente fatal na ausência de intervenção oportuna e aplicação de imunobiológicos. A profilaxia é importante devendo ser adequada a cada caso após a anamnese e o devido preenchimento completo da ficha de notificação. Este é um estudo epidemiológico ecológico de abordagem quantitativa, no qual foram analisadas as informações dos atendimentos antirrábico ocorridos nos municípios pertencentes à 2° Regional de Saúde (RS) do Paraná, no período 2009 - 2014 e das doses aplicadas de vacina contra raiva humana. As informações analisadas foram do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. O objetivo geral foi elaborar proposta de educação permanente para os profissionais dos serviços de saúde dos municípios da 2° RS do Paraná quanto ao atendimento a vítimas de acidentes com animais potencialmente transmissores da raiva segundo as recomendações do PNPR. Como resultados teve-se que de 2009 - 2014 o Paraná teve um total de 259.953 casos notificados de atendimento antirrábico humano, destes 89.396 foram notificados na 2ª RS. Entre os municípios com maior número de notificações de atendimento antirrábico, destaca-se, Curitiba com 63,6% (56.850) do total de notificações. Em relação à espécie animal agressora, a canina representa 95% (84.983) das notificações de atendimento antirrábico, o tipo de agravo responsável pelo maior número de atendimentos foi a mordedura, entre os locais de exposição mais afetados estão os membros inferiores, com 37,1% (36.075) das ocorrências, referente aos tipos de ferimentos, os superficiais estiveram em 52,4% (48.089) dos casos. Entre as profilaxias em que o animal foi considerado passível de observação houve um predomínio da indicação de observação do animal agressor e aplicação de vacina, esta orientação foi recomendada em 76,8% (53.645) dos casos. A espécie quiróptera ocupa o primeiro lugar entre os agressores silvestres, para tais casos, tem-se que 60% (185) dos registros receberam indicação de tratamento com soro e vacina. Na discussão destaca-se que parte das condutas adotadas nos serviços que realizam o atendimento antirrábico é inapropriada, porque são ações que podem colocar em risco a integridade do agredido, no preenchimento dos dados das fichas de atendimento antirrábico humano há deficiência no preenchimento, visto os altos índices de campos em branco ou preenchidos erroneamente. É relevante a conduta adotada nas indicações de tratamento, tanto nos acidentes com animais observáveis quanto com animais silvestres, o cruzamento das informações disponíveis nas bases de dados permitiu verificar que há um desconhecimento dos profissionais de saúde que realizam o atendimento sobre as atuais recomendações para profilaxia da raiva em território considerado como área controlada para o agravo. Baseado nos achados da pesquisa foi elaborada a proposta de educação permanente para os profissionais de saúde que atuam em serviços de urgência e emergência da 2° RS visando a transformação da realidade descrita.

The rabies is a highly letal infectious disease, caused by a virus, transmited by infected animals saliva and/or secretions. A big challenge because unavoidbly fatal on the lack of intervention necessary and application of immunobiologicals. The prophylaxis is important and should be proper to each case after evaluation of medical history and the complet fill of notification report. This is an epidemologic and ecological study of quantitative approach, in which they were analysed information of rabies control patient care happened in the municipalities belonging to the 2nd Regional de Saúde (RS) of Paraná, between 2009 - 2014 and the vaccines doses administred against human rabies. The information analysed was from the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Information System of Injuries and Records) and from the Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (Information System of the National Immunization Program). The aim overall was to make a proposal of permanent education for healthcare services professionals of the municipalities of the 2nd RS of Paraná regarding patient care of victims of accidents with animals potentially transmissors of rabies according to PNPR reccomendations. As a result, from 2009 - 2014 Paraná had a total of 259.953 reported cases of rabies care in humans, of which 89,396 were reported on the 2nd RS. Among cities with the larger number of reports of rabies care, we could highlight Curitiba, with 63.6% (56.850) of total reports. In relation to the aggressors animal species, the canine one represents 95% (84.983) of rabies care reports, the kind of attack responsable for the larger number of rabies care procedures was bitting, among the exposed places more affected were the inferior members, with 37.1% (36.075) of occurances, concernning types of injuries, the superficials were in 52.4% (48.089) of cases. Among prophylaxis in which the animal was considered up to observation there was a majority of prescription of the observation of the aggressors animal and vaccination, this advice was recommended in 76.8% (53,645) of cases. The Chiroptera species occupy the first place among wild aggressors, for such cases, 60% (185) of reports received treatment prescription of serum and vaccination. On the discussion, we highlight that part of the behavior adopted on rabies care management is improper, because they are actions that may put on risk the integrity of the patient, on the filling of information on patient care reports of rabies control, there are deficiencies on the information filling, due to the high numbers of empty blanks or mistakenly completed ones. It is relevant the behavior adopted on the treatment prescription, both on accidents with animals that can be observed and with wild animals, the information matching available on databases allowed to verify that there is a lack of knowledge of healthcare professionals who deal with the care about current recommendations for rabies prophylaxis in territory considered as a control area for the incident. Based on the research findings it was made a proposal of permanent education for healthcare professionals who works on urgency care services and emergencies of the 2nd RS aiming the transformation of the described situation.

Perfil da profilaxia antirrábica humana pré-exposição no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007-2014 / Healthcare profile of rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2007-2014 / Perfil de la profilaxis antirrábica humana pré-exposición en el Estado de Rio Grande del Sur, Brasil, 2007-2014

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil dos atendimentos para profilaxia antirrábica pré-exposição (PArPE) humana realizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de acordo com as Normas Técnicas de Profilaxia da Raiva Humana. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), referentes a atendimentos antirrábicos notificados no período 2007-2014. RESULTADOS: somente 2,4% dos atendimentos antirrábicos realizados corresponderam a PArPE (5.721/239.245), sendo 42,5% deles referentes a estudantes e 10,3% a profissionais da área de medicina veterinária, biologia e zootecnia; indivíduos entre 20 e 64 anos de idade representaram 71,8% dos imunizados e a frequência dessa profilaxia foi de 53,5/100 mil habitantes no estado, com variação entre as regionais de saúde de 13,1 a 185,1/100 mil hab. CONCLUSÃO: observou-se baixa frequência de PArPE, sugerindo que essa ferramenta de prevenção contra a raiva se encontra negligenciada, colocando em risco ocupacional grande número de pessoas.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the profile of healthcare provision regarding rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (RPrEP) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as compared with the Technical Standards for Rabies Prophylaxis in Humans. METHODS: this was a descriptive study using Notifiable Disease Information System data on anti-rabies healthcare provided between 2007 and 2014. RESULTS: only 2.4% of anti-rabies healthcare related to RPrEP (5,721/239,245), 42.5% of these were veterinary, biology and zootechnics students and 10.3% were professionals from the same areas; individuals aged 20 to 64 accounted for 71.8% of the total number of people vaccinated and the frequency of this form of prophylaxis was 53.5/100,000 inhabitants for the state as a whole, varying between 13.1 to 185.1/100,000 inhabitants in the state's different health districts. CONCLUSION: RPrEP frequency was found to be low, suggesting that this rabies prevention tool has been neglected, leaving a large number of people at occupational risk.

OBJETIVO: describir el perfil de atendimientos para profilaxis antirrábica pré-exposición humana (ParPE) realizados en el estado de Rio Grande del Sur, Brasil, conforme a las normas técnicas de Profilaxis de Rabia Humana. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (Sinan) entre 2007 y 2014, referentes a atendimientos antirrábicos notificados. RESULTADOS: solamente 2,4% de los atendimientos antirrábicos realizados correspondieron a ParPE (5.721/239.245), siendo que 42,5% eran estudiantes, 10,3% profesionales del área de Veterinária, Biologia y Zootecnia y 4,3% tuvieran ocupación ignorada; 71,8% de los individuos inmunizados tenía entre 20 y 64 años, y la incidencia de profilaxis fue de 53,5/100 mil habitantes, con una variaciones regionales entre 13,1 y 185,1/100.000 hab. CONCLUSIÓN: observamos una baja frecuencia de ParPE, lo que sugiere que esta herramienta de prevención contra la rabia está descuidada, colocando en riesgo un gran número de personas.

Immunogenicity and efficacy of Rabivac vaccine for animal rabies control in Morocco

PURPOSE: To fight animal rabies, Moroccan veterinary authorities organize annual dog mass vaccination campaigns using Rabivac vaccine, an inactivated adjuvanted cell culture veterinary rabies vaccine. Two experiments were undertaken to assess the efficacy and immunogenicity of Rabivac. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The first experiment involved 13 caged dogs (8 vaccinated and 5 negative controls). Dogs were bled at day 0 (D0) and at days D7, D14, D21, D28, D35, D49, D56, D64, D70, D77, D84, D91, D98, D105, D112, and D119 post-vaccination. At D121, a virulent challenge was performed. After 70 days monitoring period, seven out of eight vaccinated dogs survived the challenge (one dog succumbed to a mesenteric torsion accident) and four out of five controls succumbed. All vaccinated dogs seroconverted and the control dogs remained negative. The second experiment consisted in a field study involving 919 owned dogs randomly selected in eight Moroccan districts located in different parts of the country. The dogs were identified and vaccinated by the parenteral route and bled on the vaccination day (D0) and on D30. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of dogs developed a positive rabies virus neutralizing antibody response to vaccination and 24% were positive at D0, suggesting that dogs were previously vaccinated. The increase in rabies antibody titers was highly significant in all districts. No significant difference seemed occurring between the geographical status (rural, semiurban, or urban) of the districts on the results obtained. CONCLUSION: Rabivac is efficacious both in experimental and field conditions. This supports its use in dog mass vaccination campaigns.

Compliance to Anti-rabies Vaccination in Post-exposure Prophylaxis.

Complete post-exposure prophylaxis is necessary to prevent rabies among all animal bite victims. It is essential for the bite victims to complete the full course of vaccination as recommended for complete protection. The present study was conducted to determine the compliance rate for anti-rabies vaccination by both intramuscular route and intradermal route and to determine the major constraints. The study was done at two municipal corporation hospitals in Bangalore, India. The compliance rate for intramuscular rabies vaccination was 60.0% and for intradermal rabies vaccination 77.0%. The major constraints were loss of wages, forgotten dates, cost incurred and distance from the hospital. Hence, the present study showed that the compliance to anti-rabies vaccination for post-exposure prophylaxis is low and is a cause of concern, as animal bite victims who do not complete the full course of vaccination are still at risk of developing rabies.

Cellular immune response following pre-exposure and postexposure rabies vaccination by intradermal and intramuscular routes

PURPOSE: Immunization against rabies in humans induces protective neutralizing antibodies; however, the induction of type 1 or type 2 cytokine mediated cellular immune responses following rabies vaccination is not understood. Hence, the present study investigated cellular cytokine responses in vaccinated individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study groups included healthy rabies antigen naive controls (n=10), individuals who received intradermal primary (n=10) or booster pre-exposure vaccination (n=20) and subjects who received postexposure rabies vaccination either by intradermal (n=18) or intramuscular (n=20) routes. The antigen specific cellular responses were analyzed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a rabies vaccine antigen in the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. These responses were compared to the rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers that were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. RESULTS: We observed that cellular and humoral immune responses to primary intradermal rabies vaccination could be greatly enhanced by a booster vaccine; and both type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses were significantly elevated. The magnitude of type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses did not differ significantly among the intramuscular and intradermal routes of postexposure vaccination. The number of cells producing IFN-gamma and IL-4 correlated significantly with the levels of RVNA. CONCLUSION: Both type 1 and type 2 cellular cytokine responses are strongly induced after rabies vaccination and directly correlate with levels of RVNA titers. The neutralizing antibody as well as the type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses may be important for vaccine induced protective responses against rabies.

Perfil do tratamento profilático antirrábico humano no sul do Brasil / Profile of human anti-rabies prophylactic treatment in southern Brazil

O estudo objetivou analisar o perfil do tratamento profilático antirrábico de crianças e adolescentes de zero a 15 anos atendidas no município de Maringá-PR. Os dados foram coletados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2010. Realizaram-se frequências simples e absolutas para as variáveis categóricas, e, para associações de interesse, análises univariadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson, com intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância <0,05 em todas as análises. Do total de 311 atendimentos realizados, 101 deles eram de fichas de atendimento antirrábico de crianças e adolescentes. Em relação ao tratamento indicado, das 101 indicações, 37 (36,6%) apresentaram-se entre zero a < dez anos e 64 (63,4%) entre os ≥ dez a <15 anos. O tratamento indicado apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa com a idade (p= 0,0288). É preciso um trabalho educativo com crianças, pais e a população em geral, conscientizando-os sobre os riscos e a gravidade da raiva, além da atualização e atenção para a indicação da conduta terapêutica aos profissionais da saúde

The present study aimed to analyze the profile of anti-rabies prophylactic treatment of children and adolescents aged between zero and 15 years old, in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. Data were collected on the Brazilian Notification Aggravation Information System (SINAN) from January to December 2010. Simple and absolute frequencies were performed for categorical variables, and, for associations of interest, univariate analyzes were carried out through Pearson's chi-square test, with confidence interval of 95% and level of confidence set at <0.05 for all analyzes. Among all 311 care services performed, 101 involved anti-rabies care records of children and adolescents. Regarding treatment prescriptions, out of 101, 37 (36.6%) were made to subjects aged between 0 and 10 years old, and 64 (63.4%) to those aged ≥ 10 and < 15 years old. The treatment prescribed presented statistically significant association with age (p= 0.0288). There is a need for an educative work with children, parents and the general population, toward raising their awareness on the risks and seriousness of rabies, besides the update of and attention to the therapeutic method employed by health professionals

The present and future of rabies vaccine in animals

An effective strategy for preventing rabies consists of controlling rabies in the host reservoir with vaccination. Rabies vaccine has proven to be the most effective weapon for coping with this fatal viral zoonotic disease of warm-blooded animals, including human. Natural rabies infection of an individual is always associated with exposure to rabid animals, and the duration of clinical signs can vary from days to months. The incubation period for the disease depends on the site of the bite, severity of injury, and the amount of infecting virus at the time of exposure. The mortality of untreated cases in humans is 100%. Over the last 100 years, various rabies vaccines have been developed and used to prevent or control rabies in animals, such as modified live vaccine, inactivated rabies vaccine, and oral modified live vaccine. These have proved safe and efficacious worldwide. New-generation rabies vaccines, including recombinant rabies virus-based vaccines, vectored vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, and plant vaccines, have been explored to overcome the limitations of conventional rabies vaccines. This article discusses current and next-generation rabies vaccines in animals.

Accidentes por mordedura canina, casos registrados en un hospital de niños de Lima, Perú 1995 - 2009 / Dog bite accidents in a children hospital at Lima, Peru. Retrospective study from 1995 - 2009

Entre 1995 a 2009 se registraron 206 hospitalizaciones en el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño debido a accidentes por mordedura canina. La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue cuatro años y para los días de hospitalización tres. El 61,7 por ciento fueron varones. Los accidentes ocurrieron en el domicilio de una tercera persona (39,3 por ciento), en vía pública (33,5 por ciento) y en el domicilio del agredido (27,2 por ciento). El 66,5 por ciento de los episodios fueron precedidos por un estímulo del niño y el 88,8 por ciento causado por animales reconocidos por los lesionados. El 34,0 por ciento reconoció la raza del animal (52,9 por ciento animales cruzados). El 79,1 por ciento fueron lesiones múltiples y la región anatómica más afectada fueron la cabeza y cuello (79,1 por ciento). Se registraron complicaciones en un 20,4 por ciento y secuelas estéticas en el 94,7 por ciento. Las mordeduras caninas afectan la salud física de los niños.

From 1995 to 2009, 206 cases of dog bites were recorded among hospitalized patients at the Children National Health of, Lima-Peru. The median of age was 4 years, and for hospitalization time was 3 days. Most patients were males (61.7 percent). The bites occurred in the house of a third person (39.3 percent), on the street (33.5 percent), or in the victim’s house (27.2 percent). A 66.5 percent of the bites were provoked and 88.8 percent were from animals known to the victim. The dog breed was recognized in 34 percent (52.9 percent were mongrel dogs). Multiple lesions were identified in 79.1 percent, and the most frequently bitten areas were head and neck (79.1 percent). Complications were reported in 20.4 percent and aesthetic sequelae in 94.7 percent.

Evaluación de la seroconversión como respuesta a la vacunación antirrábica en perros en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 2009 / Evaluation of the seroconversion as a response to rabies vaccination in dogs, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, 2009

Introducción. El departamento del Valle del Cauca ha estado libre de rabia canina por más de 20 años, aunque persisten focos de rabia silvestre que amenazan a humanos y sus mascotas; por ello, como medida preventiva. se realizan anualmente campañas de vacunación antirrábica canina. Objetivos. Medir el impacto de la vacunación en términos de seroconversión de anticuerpos neutralizadores y de porcentaje de perros con respuesta inmunitaria humoral adecuada, relacionando variables propias de estos animales y de las condiciones de vacunación. Discutir el significado epidemiológico de los resultados y sus implicaciones en salud pública. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvo suero e información de 569 perros vacunados en los 42 municipios de Valle del Cauca. La inmunidad humoral se investigó por ELISA cuantitativa. La información se analizó con el programa Epi-Info 6.0. Resultados. El 9,1 % de los perros de la muestra fueron seronegativos y el 25,1 % no evidenciaron respuesta inmunitaria humoral adecuada a la vacunación. La concentración de anticuerpos disminuyó gradualmente desde la aplicación de la vacuna, y estuvo asociada a edad y calidad de las vacunas, aunque no estuvo asociada a sexo ni a raza. Conclusiones. Con el fin de aumentar los porcentajes de perros seropositivos y con respuesta inmunitaria humoral adecuada, se hacen las siguientes recomendaciones: 1) utilizar vacunas antirrábicas viables;2) aplicar dos dosis de vacuna durante los primeros seis meses de vida de los cachorros; 3) aplicar refuerzos de vacuna, por lo menos, una vez al año; 4) que las autoridades vigilen las actividades y los procesos programáticos relacionados con la vacunación antirrábica por particulares.

Introduction. The province of Valle del Cauca has been free of dog rabies for more than 20 years. However, sylvatic rabies foci remain which are threats to the health of the populace and its pets. Rabies vaccination campaigns are carried out annually in all 42 counties of the province. Objectives. The impact of dog vaccination was evaluated on the basis of humoral immunoresponse, population parameters and correlation with variables inherent to the vaccination process and logistics. Materials and methods. Sera and associated data were obtained from each of the 42 counties for a total sample of 569 rabies-vaccinated dogs. Rabies neutralizing antibodies were measured by quantitative ELISA. The data were analyzed with the statistical programs in Epi-Info 6.0. Results. Nearly 10% of dogs were seronegative (9.1%) and an additional 25.1% did not elicit an adequate humoral immune response to vaccination. Concentration of rabies neutralizing antibodies diminished gradually with the time after vaccination and was correlated with dog age and vaccine quality. No associations were noted between dog gender or breed. Conclusions. These data permit the following recommendations: (1) only viable, non expired rabies vaccines must be used to immunize animals, (2) two doses of rabies vaccine must be applied during the first six months of dog life, (3) booster immunizations must be administered every year, (4) practices and processes related to rabies vaccination in private institutions must inspected regularly by health authorities.

Equivalência e avaliação da necessidade de sorologia de controle entre esquemas de pré-exposição à raiva humana / Equivalencia y evaluación de la necesidad de serología de control entre esquemas de pre-exposición a la rabia humana / Equivalence between pre-exposure schemes for human rabies and evaluation of the need for serological monitoring

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta imune humoral do esquema de pré-exposição da raiva humana realizado pelas vias intramuscular e intradérmica e a necessidade de sorologia de controle. MÉTODOS: Estudo de intervenção controlado e randomizado, realizado em São Paulo, SP, em 2004-2005. Foram recrutados 149 voluntários, dos quais 127 (65 intradérmica e 62 intramuscular) completaram o esquema de vacinação e realizaram avaliação da resposta imune humoral dez, 90 e 180 dias após o término da vacinação. Foram considerados dois desfechos para a comparação entre as duas vias de aplicação: a média geométrica do título de anticorpos neutralizantes e a proporção de indivíduos com títulos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL) em cada momento de avaliação. Foi analisada a associação da resposta humoral com dados antropométricos e demográficos por meio de teste de médias e qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. Após a conclusão do esquema foram feitas a comparação da proporção de soropositivos pelo teste de Kruskall Wallis e a comparação dos títulos médios por análise de variância. RESULTADOS: Os títulos médios de anticorpos foram maiores nos indivíduos que receberam as vacinas por via intramuscular. A percentagem de voluntários com títulos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL) diminuiu com o tempo em ambos os grupos, porém, no grupo que recebeu as vacinas por via intradérmica, a proporção de títulos satisfatórios no dia 180 variou de 20 por cento a 25 por cento, enquanto pela via intramuscular variou de 63 por cento a 65 por cento. Não se observou associação da resposta imune humoral com as variáveis demográficas ou antropométricas. CONCLUSÕES: A sorologia após a terceira dose pode ser considerada desnecessária em indivíduos sob controle quanto à exposição, uma vez que 97 por cento e 100 por cento dos voluntários vacinados, respectivamente por via intradérmica e pela via intramuscular, apresentaram níveis de anticorpos satisfatórios (> 0,5 UI/mL).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the humoral immune response to the pre-exposure schedule of human rabies vaccination through intradermal and intramuscular routes, as well as the need for serological monitoring. METHODS: A randomized and controlled intervention study was carried out in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from 2004-2005. There were 149 volunteers, of which 127 completed the vaccination schedule (65 intradermal and 62 intramuscular) and underwent humoral immune response evaluation at ten, 90 and 180 days post-vaccination. Two outcomes were considered for comparing the two routes of administration: the geometric average of neutralizing antibody titers and the proportion of individuals with satisfactory titers (> 0.5 IU/mL) at each evaluation point. The association of the humoral immune response with anthropometric and demographic data was analyzed through a normal distribution test and a chi-square test with a Yates correction. After completion of the vaccination schedule, the proportion of seropositive results was compared by the Kruskall Wallis test, and the average titers were compared by variance analysis. RESULTS: the average antibody titers were higher in patients who were vaccinated intramuscularly. The percentage of volunteers with satisfactory titers (> 0.5 percent IU/mL) decreased over time in both groups. However, in the group vaccinated intradermally the rate of satisfactory titers on day 180 ranged from 20 percent to 25 percent, while the intramuscular route varied from 63 percent to 65 percent. An association between the humoral immune response and the demographic and anthropometric variables was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Serology after the third dose can be considered unnecessary in unexposed patients, since 97 percent and 100 percent of volunteers respectively vaccinated by the intradermal and intramuscular route presented satisfactory antibody levels (> 0.5 percent IU/mL).

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la respuesta inmune humoral del esquema de pre-exposición de la rabia humana realizado por las vías intramuscular e intradérmica y la necesidad de serología de control. MÉTODOS: Estudio de intervención controlado y aleatorio, realizado en Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil, en 2004-2005. Fueron reclutados 149 voluntarios, de los cuales 127 (65 intradérmica y 62 intramuscular) completaron el esquema de vacunación y realizaron evaluación de la respuesta inmune humoral 10, 90 y 180 días posterior al término de la vacunación. Fueron considerados dos resultados para la comparación entre las dos vías de aplicación: el promedio geométrico del título de anticuerpos neutralizantes y la proporción de individuos con títulos satisfactorios (> 0,5 UI/mL) en cada momento de la evaluación. Fue analizada la asociación de la respuesta humoral con datos antropométricos y demográficos por medio de prueba de medias y chi-cuadrado con corrección de Yates. Posterior a la conclusión del esquema fueron realizadas la comparación de la proporción de seropositivos por la prueba de Kruskall Wallis y la comparación de los títulos promedios por análisis de varianza. RESULTADOS: Los títulos promedios de anticuerpos fueron mayores en los individuos que recibieron las vacunas por vía intramuscular. El porcentaje de voluntarios con títulos satisfactorios (> 0,5 UI/mL) disminuyó con el tiempo en ambos grupos, sin embargo, en el grupo que recibió vacuna por vía intradérmica la proporción de títulos satisfactorios en el día 180 varió de 20 por ciento a 25 por ciento, mientras que por la vía intramuscular varió de 63 por ciento a 65 por ciento. No se observó asociación de la respuesta inmune humoral con las variables demográficas o antropométricas. CONCLUSIONES: La serología posterior a la tercera dosis puede ser considerada innecesaria en individuos bajo control con respecto a la exposición, una vez que 97 por ciento y 100 por ciento de los voluntarios vacunados...

Uso de sistemas de informação geográfica em campanhas de vacinação contra a raiva / Uso de sistemas de información geográfica en campañas de vacunación contra la rabia / Use of geographic information systems in rabies vaccination campaigns

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver método para planejamento e avaliação de campanhas de vacinação contra a raiva animal. MÉTODOS: O desenvolvimento da metodologia baseou-se em sistemas de informação geográfica para estimar a população e a densidade animal (canina e felina) por setores censitários e subprefeituras do município de São Paulo, em 2002. O número de postos de vacinação foi estimado para atingir uma dada cobertura vacinal. Foram utilizadas uma base de dados censitários para a população humana, e estimativas para razões cão:habitante e gato:habitante. RESULTADOS: Os números estimados foram de 1.490.500 cães e 226.954 gatos em São Paulo, uma densidade populacional de 1.138,14 animais domiciliados por km². Foram vacinados, na campanha de 2002, 926.462 animais, garantindo uma cobertura vacinal de 54 por cento. O número total estimado de postos no município para atingir uma cobertura vacinal de 70 por cento...

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method to assist in the design and assessment of animal rabies control campaigns. METHODS: A methodology was developed based on geographic information systems to estimate the animal (canine and feline) population and density per census tract and per subregion (known as "Subprefeituras") in the city of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) in 2002. The number of vaccination units in a given region was estimated to achieve a certain proportion of vaccination coverage. Census database was used for the human population, as well as estimates ratios of dog:inhabitant and cat:inhabitant. RESULTS: Estimated figures were 1,490,500 dogs and 226,954 cats in the city, i.e. an animal population density of 1138.14 owned animals per km². In the 2002 campaign, 926,462 were vaccinated, resulting in a vaccination coverage of 54 percent. The estimated number of vaccination units to be able to reach a 70 percent...

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar método para planificación y evaluación de campañas de vacunación contra la rabia animal. MÉTODOS: El desarrollo de la metodología se basó en sistemas de información geográfica para estimar la población y la densidad animal (canina y felina) por sectores censales y sub-prefecturas del municipio de Sao Paulo (Sureste de Brasil), en 2002. El número de puestos de vacunación fue estimado para atender una determinada cobertura de vacunación. Se utilizaron una base de datos censales para la población humana, y estimativas para razones perro: habitante y gato: habitante. RESULTADOS: Los números estimados fueron de 1.490.500 perros y 226.954 en Sao Paulo, una densidad poblacional de 1.138,14 animales domiciliados por km2. Fueron vacunados, en la campaña de 2002, 926.462 animales, garantizando una cobertura de vacunas de 54 por ciento. El número total estimado de puestos en el municipio para atender una cobertura de vacunación de 70 por ciento...

Analysis on the characteristics of rabies epidemic in Jurong City,2003～2007 / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To summarize and analyze the relationship between exposure to rabies and its prevalence in Jurong City from 2003 to 2007,and discuss further the possible solutions to it.Methods The data of people vaccinated after being biten by animals were collected,manipulatd,and analyzed,with their illness records dealt with accordingly from 2003 to 2007 in Jurong City.Results Not a single one of 21 596 cases was that of rabies with proper treatment in the last 5 years.The sex ratio was 1.47∶1.The highest probability of exposure was the preschoolers under the age of 10.The disease occurred throughout the year,with the peak in July and September.Those biten by dogs accounted for 86.85% of the exposure to rabies,and among them,people biten by domesticated animals were in the majority.Wounds by the domesticated dogs reached 74.60%.Not a single case was treated properly among the 9 rabies cases reported in the same period.Conclusions Strengthening the management of domesticated dogs,publicizing the knowledge of rabies,treating the wound properly and thoroughly,innoculation with vaccine from the very beginning and administering rabies immune globulin are the effective ways to prevent rabies.